Amazon. com Help: About Top Contributors

Don’t let your boss or government block you from your favorite sites. When you connect to a website through our web proxy, you aren't actually connecting to the website you're viewing.

Anonymous Browsing

Instead of connecting directly to a website, let us connect to the website and send it back to you, and no one will know where you’ve been.

Security, identity fraud

Hide your IP online, unblock any banned sites such as facebook and twitter, protect your online privacy.

Why ProxyPy?

Popular Sites Supported

We support access to all popular large sites, such as facebook/google.

MORE SPEED, MORE SECURITY

Our servers are more secure and efficient with the ProxyPy v3.0 engine

Large number of available servers

We have the United States, Europe, Asia Pacific and other real servers.

Analyzing Amazon RDS Database Workloads with Performance Insights

Sign Up to Preview Performance Insights with Additional Database Engines

AWS recently announced general availability of Amazon Aurora with PostgreSQL compatibility. With this release, AWS has also included the first release of a useful feature in Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) called Performance Insights. Using a dashboard that visualizes database load—along with which SQL statements are causing the load and why—Performance Insights makes detecting performance problems easy for both experts and non-experts.

Because it collects performance data using lightweight methods, Performance Insights doesn’t impact the performance of your applications. It also requires no configuration or maintenance, and it’s currently available as a free preview with Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. Performance Insights is enabled by default for instances that you create in the AWS Management Console. You can enable it for other instances on the console by choosing Modify on the Instance actions menu. Or, use the EnablePerformanceInsights parameter of the CreateDbInstance or ModifyDbInstance API methods.

It’s easy to get started. Just sign in to the Amazon RDS console, and go to the Performance Insights dashboard to start monitoring performance with just one click.

Accessing Performance Insights

You can access Performance Insights through the Amazon RDS console in two places:

Choose Performance Insights in the left navigation pane to open the dashboard and view a list of DB instances that have Performance Insights enabled. Choose the bar under Current Activity for a DB instance to open the Performance Insights dashboard for that DB instance. Instances that have Performance Insights enabled show current activity measured in Sessions.

Why does Performance Insights measure database load in sessions?

Sessions, in this case, is shorthand for “average active sessions,” sometimes abbreviated “AAS.” An active session is a database connection that has submitted a request to the database but has not yet received the response. Measuring the average number of active concurrent sessions over time provides a clear picture of the load on the database.

In the list of DB instances, a bar in the Current Activity column shows the database load of each instance that has Performance Insights enabled. An empty rectangle with a blue border indicates an />

The Performance Insights dashboard

The dashboard is divided into two parts:

At the top, a load chart shows the recent history of database load in units of average active sessions (AAS). On the bottom, a top activity table shows what is contributing to database load for the time interval on the load chart.

By default, the load chart is color coded by wait type. Breaking down database load by wait types can help you understand what kind of database mechanisms are chiefly contributing to the load. Top activity shows SQL statements by default. Understanding what SQL is chiefly contributing to the load can help you understand what parts of your application are responsible for bottlenecks.

Idle database

A database that is completely idle has no active sessions and thus no load. Although it sounds obvious, knowing that a database is idle can help diagnose problems. For instance, if a database is idle, then any performance problems that might exist are likely not caused by the database. With the Performance Insights dashboard, it is easy to determine whether a performance problem is inside the database or outside the database, perhaps in an application tier.

The following is an example of an >Tuning a database load bottleneck

A session is database terminology for a database connection serving an application. Sessions that are waiting during database requests contribute to database load. A session might wait for a response for many reasons. A common reason is that the request is executing and using CPU to complete. However, the request could also be waiting for I/O to complete, for a lock, for writes to storage, for space in a buffer area, or for any number of other reasons. These various wait states appear in the load chart as stacked color areas. The colors correspond to wait states that can be seen in the legend on the right side. The most prominent colors in the load chart are the greatest contributors to database load.

An important visual cue in the load chart is the Max CPU line. This line represents the number of vCPUs (virtual central processing units) on the host. If more sessions are active in CPU wait than there are vCPUs, it means that the instance is running beyond CPU capacity. Whenever the overall load goes over the Max CPU line, there might be a bottleneck. The bottleneck could be because of CPU saturation, or it could be caused by one of the many other ways that sessions wait in a database.

CPU bottleneck

In the preceding examples, there are two vCPU cores, so only two sessions can concurrently run on the CPU without queueing. If three sessions run on the CPU concurrently, then, at any given point in time, at least one of them is waiting in the run queue and therefore not getting work done.

In the following example, database load has spiked well above the Max CPU line. The question is: “What is causing this bottleneck?” You can zoom in on the bottleneck by clicking and dragging (see the light blue area in the following chart), to select the area that you are interested in.In the following example, we have zoomed in on the selected area.In this case, the bottleneck is on the CPU, since green (CPU) is the largest color in the active sessions. The demand for CPU is above the available CPU shown by the Max CPU line. To address this issue, you have two choices. Either you can scale up to a larger instance type with more CPU, or you can reduce your load on the current instance. Although scaling up to a larger instance type is an option, it generally requires discussion and scheduling, and it might increase costs. Often a more direct solution is to tune the workload on the current system.

To tune the system in the preceding example, the question becomes, “What do we tune?” The top activity table, below the load chart, can help you answer that. With the SQL tab selected (default), this table shows which statements are contributing most to load, and therefore are good cand >minute_rollups() function is responsible for CPU load on this database. It might be worth spending effort to reduce the CPU usage of this stored function.

Wait bottleneck tuning In the preceding example, you can see that a short time later, on the same database, a new bottleneck appears as a light orange spike. Again, you can click and drag to zoom in on the bottleneck.Rather than CPU, this spike consists mainly of the wait event IO:XactSync. To find out more about this wait, pause the cursor on the items in the legend, and information about the wait events appears. From this information, you can learn that IO:XactSync happens when a session is waiting for writes to stable storage. When you look at the Top SQL, you see that by far the greatest contributor to this wait state is an insert.

By default in PostgreSQL, single-row inserts auto-commit for each row. This means that the database must wait for durability (write to storage) for every insert. To improve performance, PostgreSQL supports multi-row inserts and disabling auto-commit.

Using Performance Insights for sizing a database host

Performance Insights can help with instance type sizing for a database. In the following example, database load is well under Max CPU. If this is typical, then the database might be running on a larger than necessary instance type and could be scaled down.On the other hand, if database load regularly exceeds Max CPU, and the workload cannot be further tuned, then the instance type might be too small. In the following example, database load is continually exceeding Max CPU. Exploring other data dimensions

Both the load chart and the top activity portions of the dashboard can show dimensions other than those displayed by default (waits and SQL).

The load chart legend has a selector for choosing which dimension to slice the chart by. For Aurora PostgreSQL, Performance Insights currently supports slicing by waits, SQL, hosts, and users.

Top activity can list any of the dimensions indicated at the top of the list. For Aurora PostgreSQL, Performance Insights currently supports listing top SQL, waits, hosts, and users.

In the preceding image, top activity has been grouped by Hosts, which shows the load coming in from each client machine from which SQL is being executed. In this case, there is only one host generating any CPU load. This could indicate a deployment problem. These hosts are application servers, which should be running the same code and presenting similar load profiles.

To get an />With host load grouped by SQL instead of waits, you can now see that 172.31.31.154 is the only host running With cte as ( SELECT …. This is the same host that was asymmetrically showing CPU load in the previous example when the hosts load was grouped by waits.

You can also see that this same host, 172.31.18.90, is the only one running INSERT INTO authors … and further, that this appears to be the only SQL it is running. Understanding how workload and database load are asymmetrically distributed across a fleet of application servers is important because it can help you diagnose end-user performance issues.

By default, the dashboard displays load by waits and the top activity by SQL. This is the most useful combination for general use.

Summary

Performance Insights quickly and easily identifies performance bottlenecks on an Amazon RDS DB instance and shows where to look to address those bottlenecks. Performance Insights is enabled by default at database creation on the console or by modifying the database instance. It is fully automated, and the overhead is about 1 percent of a vCPU core. All the data storage, processing, and aggregation are automatically managed and done outside of the database host and have no impact on the database being monitored.

Amazon RDS Performance Insights is available now on Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL and will be rolled out across all Amazon RDS database engines soon.

About the Author

Kyle Hailey is a product manager for Performance Insights at Amazon Web Services.

About Discussion Boards

Amazon would like to thank the members of this community for contributing to our discussion board forums. As of October 13, 2017, we have decided to stop supporting forums. For device questions and help, please see our new Devices and Digital Forum

Was this information helpful?

Thank you for your feedback.

Please select what best describes the information:

Thanks! While we're unable to respond directly to your feedback, we'll use this information to improve our online Help.

Jeff Bezos â€" Amazon. com

Jeff Bezos is the founder and CEO of Amazon. com. He excelled in school and got a computer science degree from Princeton. He had a few Wall Street jobs where he quickly rose in the ranks, and then he decided to start an internet business. He moved to Seattle and set up Amazon. com in his garage with some Sun SPARKStations connected to the interenet. Ironically, many of the first business deals and meetings for Amazon. com were conducted at the Starbucks inside the neighborhood Barnes & Noble.

His idea was to change the way that people shop. He figured that it was cheaper and easier to run a store that had no physical presence other than warehouses and offices. That way, the store could expand its customer base without having to invest in new stores in new areas; the people were just? there?. In his vision of the future, the only brick and mortar stores that will survive will be ones that provide entertainment and atmosphere or those that provide convenience, like 7-Eleven or Walgreen? s.

Strip malls and stores like Wal-mart and Target that just exist because there is no easier way to get things will go away.

Amazon. com has it? s own warehouses and packing facilities because Bezos thinks it? s important that they maintain quality control over packing and shipping orders. They can check to make sure the merchandise is not damaged, and it allows them to pack different things in one order, such as books, CDs, and Videos. They have set up their warehouses in strategic places around the country so that the majority of customers will get fast service, and will not have to pay sales tax.

Bezos is not extravagant with his new wealth. Until 1999 he lived in the same one bedroom rental that he had been.

Citation styles:

Jeff Bezos â€" Amazon. com. (2008, February 01). In WriteWork. com. Retrieved 21:17, October 11, 2019, from https://www. writework. com/essay/jeff-bezos-amazon

WriteWork contributors. "Jeff Bezos â€" Amazon. com" WriteWork. com. WriteWork. com, 01 February, 2008. Web. 11 Oct. 2019.

WriteWork contributors, "Jeff Bezos â€" Amazon. com," WriteWork. com, https://www. writework. com/essay/jeff-bezos-amazon (accessed October 11, 2019)

More E-commerce essays:

. Internet has allowed many companies to broaden their horizons in this aspect, but none as much as Amazon. com. By being exclusively an online company with no actual? stores?, Amazon. com.

Case Study: How Jeff Bezos Manages at Amazon. com

. business environment. However, there are some major factors, which significantly influence Amazon. com, lead the company to success. Obviously, technology has been the most important factor that influences Amazon. com, in particular, the rapid increases in Internet.

Amazon. com: Expanding Beyond Books case study plus extra questions

. Internet only §Amazon. com brand has been diluted by entering a wide number of product segments, increasing competition. §Need to restructure business.

. Amazon held the majority of the online market share in 2003. Between the two largest e-commerce businesses, Amazon. com and eBay, eBay was cited as having the stronger business model, and certainly Wall Street perceives this to be true. For Amazon.

E-commerce, case for Amazon and Dell

. businesses that will help their clients better interact with their customers, suppliers and partners. With a loan from the bank, Jeff founded Amazon. com in his garage and helped start e-commerce. From July 1995 to July 2000, Jeff Bezos built Amazon. com.

Students & Profs. say about us:

"Good news: you can turn to other's writing help. WriteWork has over 100,000 sample papers"

Prof. Jacob Leland, Phd

"I turned what i thought was a C+ paper into an A-"

Dawn S., college student

Newport, RI

We've been mentioned in:

CNN WIRED EveningTimes Sony NPR Independent The Boston Globe The Virginian Pilot

Where our 375,000 members study:

Rutgers University Marist College Boston College Boston University University of Colorado University of Maryland

University of Phoenix New York University Indiana University Columbia University Miami Dade College University of Missouri

Popular essays:

Ellen Moore Living and Working in Korea

. little knowledge about the Korean culture.

Block Buster Case Study

. Blockbuster has 2800 video stores in 28 countries around the world.

Economy of Belgium

. the profitability of many industries declined in the post-World War II era, the.

Jeff Bezos â€" Amazon. com

. around the country so that the majority of customers will get fast service.

Financing A Silicon Valley Start-up

. the necessary expenses incurred, under the.